How to Make Bismuth Crystals From Pepto-Bismol

Pepto-Bismol is a common antacid medicine that contains bismuth subsalicylate or pink bismuth, which has the empirical chemical formula  (Bi{C6H4(OH)CO2}3). The chemical is used as an antacid, anti-inflammatory, and bactericide, but in this project, it is used for science! Heres how to extract the bismuth metal from the product. Once you have it, one project you can try is growing your own bismuth crystals. Key Takeaways: Get Bismuth from Pepto-Bismol Tablets The active ingredient in Pepto-Bismol is bismuth subsalicylate. It is what gives Pepto-Bismol its pink color.There are two easy ways to obtain bismuth metal from Pepto-Bismol. The first is to burn off all the impurities using a blow torch and then melting and crystallizing the metal. The second method is to grind the tablets, dissolve them in muriatic (hydrochloric) acid, filter the liquid and precipitate the bismuth onto aluminum foil, and melt/crystallize the metal.Bismuth obtained via either method may be used to grow rainbow-colored bismuth crystals. Bismuth Extraction Materials There are a couple of different methods for isolating the bismuth metal. One way is to burn Pepto-Bismol into a metal oxide slag using a blow torch and then separate  the metal from the oxygen. However, theres an easier method that only requires household chemicals. Here are the materials to extract the bismuth, without fire. Pepto-Bismol Tablets: You need a lot. Each pill contains 262 mg bismuth subsalicylate, but only about an eighth of the mass is bismuth.Muriatic Acid - You can find this in a hardware store. Of course, if you have access to a chemistry lab, you can simply use hydrochloric acid.Aluminum FoilCoffee Filter or Filter PaperMortar and Pestle - If you dont have one, find a baggie and a rolling pin or hammer. Get the Bismuth Metal The first step is to crush and grind up the pills to form a powder. This increases the surface area so the next step, a chemical reaction, can proceed more efficiently. Take 150-200 pills and work in batches to grind them up. Aside from a mortar and pestle or bag with rolling pin or hammer, you could opt for a spice mill or coffee grinder. Your choice.Prepare a solution of dilute muriatic acid. Mix one part acid to six parts water. Add the acid to the water to prevent splashing. Note: muriatic acid is the strong acid HCl. It produces irritating fumes and can give you a chemical burn. Its a good plan to wear gloves and protective eyewear when you use it. Use a glass or plastic container, as the acid can attack metals (which is the point, after all.)Dissolve the ground-up tablets in the acid solution. You can stir it with a glass rod, plastic coffee stirrer, or wooden spoon.Remove the solids by filtering the solution through a coffee filter or filter paper. The pink liquid is what you want to save since it contains bismuth ions.Drop aluminum foil into the pink solution. A black solid will form, which is the bismuth. Allow time for the precipitate to sink to the bottom of the container.Filter the liquid through a cloth or paper towel to get the bismuth metal.The final step is to melt the metal. Bismuth has a low melting point, so you can melt it using a torch or in a higher-melting-point pan on a gas grill or even your stove. As the metal melts, youll see impurities pool apart. You can use a toothpick to remove them,Let your metal cool and admire your work. See the beautiful iridescent oxidation layer? You might even see crystals.  Good job! Pure bismuth forms hopper crystals and develops a rainbow oxidation layer. Little Hand Images / Getty Images   Safety and Cleanup This project requires adult supervision. Keep kids and pets away from the acid and heat.When youre done, dilute the chemicals with large volumes of water before disposing of them. If you want to make absolutely sure the acid is safe, you can add a bit of baking soda to the dilute acid to neutralize it. Pepto-Bismol Fun Facts Interesting adverse effects from ingesting Pepto-Bismol include black tongue and black stools. This occurs when sulfur in saliva and the intestines combines with the medicine to form the insoluble black salt, bismuth sulfide. Although dramatic-looking, the effect is temporary. Sources Gray, Theodore. Gray Matter: Extracting Bismuth from Pepto-Bismol Tablets. Popular Science. August 29, 2012.WesoÅ‚owski, M. (1982). Thermal decomposition of pharmaceutical preparations containing inorganic components.  Microchimica Acta  (Vienna)  77(5–6): 451–464.

Syllabus Designing - Review of Literature - 5836 Words

REVIEW OF LITERATURE An essential step in any research project is the literature review. The function of the literature review is to provide background information on the research question, and to identify what others have said and/or discovered about the question. It may well be that in the course of carrying out the literature review, you come across a study which answers the very question you are proposing to investigate. The literature review, if carried out systematically, will acquaint the researcher with previous work in the field, and it should also alert you to problems and potential pitfalls in the chosen area. English for Specific Purposes (ESP) is often underestimated because of teachers attitudes which are often†¦show more content†¦Moreover, Robinson (1991) argues that the language produced as a feature of ESP should be good enough for the job and not be necessarily native-speaker like, but be the communicative strategies and effectiveness of the non-native professional users of English. History of ESP According to Johns’ (1991) discussion, the ESP history in brief with respect to its development and expansion throughout the world has been influenced by the major theoretical and applied schools of linguistics and developed into four phases. The first phase (the 1960s and the early 1970s) was the structure-based phase of linguistic (i.e. lexical and grammatical) features of academic and professional registers, for example, the language of electrical engineering and the language of law (e.g. Herbert, 1965). The second phase (the late 1970s and the early 1980s) was the discourse-based phase of register analysis where the function and purpose in discourse became more rhetorical (e.g. Trimble, 1985). The third phase (the integration of the discoveries in phase 1 and phase 2) was communication-based phase of systematic analyses of the target learning situations which concentrate on Munbyian concepts of ‘notional-functional curriculum’ (Munby, 1996), namely: (a) the communicative purposes of speaker/writer; (b) the setting for language use; and (c)Show MoreRelatedThe Ict And Its Impact On Education1386 Words   |  6 Pagesimprove their efforts. With a lot of ICT knowledge and skills, what changes can we say that this program is bringing to our upcoming generation? Several field like engineering, medicine, finances and social science needs a lot of ICT skills. Does this syllabus real brings change? What are the factor hindering big results? If we have big results, how can we improve it? 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The designed intention of teaching materials..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..5 â… ´. TheRead MoreThe Impact Of Task Types On Performance Of Iranian Efl Learners Fluency2179 Words   |  9 PagesTeaching (TBT) has received a lot of attention in the recent years and language teachers believe that it is a very important and popular part of learning and teaching process. According to Pourdana (2011), in task-based language teaching, teachers’ syllabus content and instructional processes is based on the communicative tasks that language learners need to be involved in them in a real situation. EFL teachers use different tasks for teaching reading, writing listening and speaking. Productive skillsRead MoreFactors Affecting The Need For Industry Institute Interaction1868 Words   |  8 PagesTo suggest the remedial measures to reduce the skill gap in india. Research Methodology: The study is an exploratory research. 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Beethoven Concert Symphony free essay sample

Concerto, one named by Ludwig van Beethoven and the other by a friend, are splendid examples of Beethovens musical acumen. These pieces are more formally known as Beethovens Symphony No. 6 and Piano Concerto No. 5. This concert report will cover both pieces and will contain my impressions of each piece. Symphony No. 6 Pastorals was performed by the Deutsche Complementariness Bremen, and was conducted by Poppa Jars during their Beethoven series. Plano Concerto No. Emperor was performed by Murray Pergola (Plano) accompanied by he Academy of SST Martin in the Fields, conducted by Inveigle Mariner. The dates of the performances are not known because this is a review of an E-concert recording. I will begin with the piece that was personally named by Ludwig Van Beethoven, Pastorals Pastorals Is a five movement symphony, the only one with five movements that Beethoven wrote. Each movement is individually titled although Beethoven noted that the names were merely suggestions and were not to be taken literally (Classicalmusiceducation. Mom). The music does however seem to match up beautifully with the titles. The first movement is titled; Awakening of Cheerful Feelings on Arriving in the Country, Allegro ma non troop and begins with an opening drone. The piece has a very quick, but somehow leisurely pace that repeats Itself In a typical sonata form. Themes emerge, but do not seem to be In conflict as In other symphonies, there Is a lack of noticeable tension. Imagine a forest, with the sounds of nature in perfect harmony, the winds rustling through the trees and birds chirping and singing.The movement concludes with a coda comprised of a powerful increase in volume and emphasis with a return to the opening theme as basses Join in. The second movement Is titled; Scene by the Brook, Andante molt mossy and continues the calm and relaxed mood set In the first movement. This movement seems to be in variation form. A gentle melody develops and the music seems to quicken. A completely new tune is introduced by a bassoon that is repeated several times. The themes are passed from woodwinds to strings and back to the full orchestra several times.Woodwinds seem to represent bird calls throughout the movement further adding linkage to the title. The end is marked by a flute and clarinet In a virtual bird conversation. This appears to be a cadenza before the completion of the warm and rich movement. The third movement is titled; Merry Gathering of Counterfoil, Allegro, This movement is a classic scherzo in triple meter. The opening theme is conducted by the entire orchestra. This movement is in great contrast to the first two, much faster and more powerful. The scherzo gives way to a trio that Is quite energetic.The to repeat in a a compressed fashion. The movement ends with a strong cadence that ends sharply and shifts to the next movement. The fourth movement is known as; Thunderstorm allegro. The bass is deep and deviant, the woodwinds pierce the air, and the entire orchestra create a powerful stormy atmosphere. The rise and falls of this piece are dramatic and enhanced by the strings piercing anxiety. The sounds seem to shake the environment, rhythm is hard to detect, everything is crashing and disjointed, much like a real storm.Suddenly there is calm as if the storm has dissipated and the beautiful country side has reappeared. The fifth and final movement is called; Shepherds song, Glad and Grateful after the Storm Allegretto. The main theme is introduced by clarinets, horns and violins. He main theme is repeated several times with variations as the woodwinds are Intermixed. The entire orchestra Joins in an extended transition as the opening materials are reintroduced. There is an extended coda and the main theme is varied.There does not seem to be a climax in the ending, Just a final strong cadence and a magnificent sense of completion that is enlightening. The five movements of Beethovens Symphony No. 6 Pastorals draw listeners in Math a quick, but leisurely tempo and rich developed movements. The symphony seemingly flows and fits the titles beautifully. It is easy to paint a picture off noble underside, nature, and all the activities it entails. Beethovens Piano Concerto No. 5 Emperor is a three part traditional concerto, an Allegro, Adagio, and the Rondo.This concerto was named Emperor because of the powerful themes and heroic note of the composition (wry. All-about-Beethoven. Com/ concerted. HTML). The opening of the concerto brings a main theme introduced by a solo piano with the full orchestra providing a dramatic presence of several chords. The piano flourishes grow in length until reaching a cadenza after the third time. The full orchestra Joins in and carries the theme into the full exposition. The theme is bold Ninth a pleasant interjection of a second subject that seems to tiptoe through the movement.The orchestra stays in the tonic key as the piano modulates and reaches wide variety of tones as the scales are worked. The development of the movement effectively flips the lead. The orchestra now leads and the piano accompanies. The main theme rhythm is reinforced by a powerful bassoon. The coda is lead by horns and Joined by the rest of the orchestra to a thrilling close. The second movement is a slow movement and begins quietly with a simple main theme presented by strings. I felt like I was in church. The melody of the movement makes it seem simple but it still has many variations within.The original theme is maintained within the development in a very refined and deliberate way. This away as if were weeping. The piano is seems to fade away as a low woodwind plays long notes and sustains the theme. A very low tone on the piano and woods is held for long periods and then the piano dashes out vibrantly and the orchestra Joins in a spirited conclusion of the movement. The third movement is a classic rondo that seems to begin without a distinct break from the second. The piano again traverses the scales dramatically and is accompanied by the orchestra.The drums fade as the piano solo fades out. With the pause, the piano Jumps aggressively back into the chromatic scales which are a foundation of the themes throughout the concerto. The orchestra is along for the ride too rapid and powerful finish. The Pastorals symphony and Piano Concerto Emperor present dynamic representations of nineteenth century music which represented more direct and unrestrained emotions (Strayed 209). Both pieces are energetic and lead the listener through a winding path of emotion.

Henry David Thoreau Essay On Civil Disobedience Example For Students

Henry David Thoreau Essay On Civil Disobedience He spent his life in voluntary poverty, enthralled by the study of nature. Two years, in the prime of his life, were spent living in a shack in the woods near a pond. Who would choose a life like this? Henry David Thoreau did, and he enjoyed it. Who was Henry David Thoreau, what did he do, and what did others think of his work?Henry David Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts on July 12, 1817 (Thoreau 96), on his grandmothers farm. Thoreau, who was of French-Huguenot and Scottish-Quaker ancestry, was baptized as David Henry Thoreau, but at the age of twenty he legally changed his name to Henry David. Thoreau was raised with his older sister Helen, older brother John, and younger sister Sophia (Derleth 1) in genteel poverty (The 1995 Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia 1). It quickly became evident that Thoreau was interested in literature and writing. At a young age he began to show interest writing, and he wrote his first essay, The Seasons, at the tender age of ten, while attendin g Concord Academy (Derleth 4). In 1833, at the age of sixteen, Henry David was accepted to Harvard University, but his parents could not afford the cost of tuition so his sister, Helen, who had begun to teach, and his aunts offered to help. With the assistance of his family and the beneficiary funds of Harvard he went to Cambridge in August 1833 and entered Harvard on September first. He Thoreau stood close to the top of his class, but he went his own way too much to reach the top (5). In December 1835, Thoreau decided to leave Harvard and attempt to earn a living by teaching, but that only lasted about a month and a half (8). He returned to college in the fall of 1836 and graduated on August 16, 1837 (12). Thoreaus years at Harvard University gave him one great gift, an introduction to the world of books. Upon his return from college, Thoreaus family found him to be less likely to accept opinions as facts, more argumentative, and inordinately prone to shock people with his own independent and unconventional opinions. During this time he discovered his secret desire to be a poet (Derleth 14), but most of all he wanted to live with freedom to think and act as he wished. Immediately after graduation from Harvard, Henry David applied for a teaching position at the public school in Concord and was accepted. However, he refused to flog children as punishment. He opted instead to deliver moral lectures. This was looked down upon by the community, and a committee was asked to review the situation. They decided that the lectures were not ample punishment, so they ordered Thoreau to flog recalcitrant students. With utter contempt he lined up six children after school that day, flogged them, and handed in his resignation, because he felt that physical punishment should have no part in education (Derleth 15). In 1837 Henry David began to write his Journal (16). It started out as a literary notebook, but later developed into a work of art. In it Thoreau record his thoughts and discoveries about nature (The 1995 Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia 1). Later that same year, his sister, Helen, introduced him to Lucy Jackson Brown, who just happened to be Ralph Waldo Emersons sister-in-law. She read his Journal, and seeing many of the same thoughts as Emerson himself had expressed, she told Emerson of Thoreau. Emerson asked that Thoreau be brought to his home for a meeting, and they quickly became friends (Derleth 18). On April 11, 1838, not long after their first meeting Thoreau, with Emersons help, delivered his first lecture, Society (21). .u95039815f451c9a965a17a9f154f2a52 , .u95039815f451c9a965a17a9f154f2a52 .postImageUrl , .u95039815f451c9a965a17a9f154f2a52 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u95039815f451c9a965a17a9f154f2a52 , .u95039815f451c9a965a17a9f154f2a52:hover , .u95039815f451c9a965a17a9f154f2a52:visited , .u95039815f451c9a965a17a9f154f2a52:active { border:0!important; } .u95039815f451c9a965a17a9f154f2a52 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u95039815f451c9a965a17a9f154f2a52 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u95039815f451c9a965a17a9f154f2a52:active , .u95039815f451c9a965a17a9f154f2a52:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u95039815f451c9a965a17a9f154f2a52 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u95039815f451c9a965a17a9f154f2a52 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u95039815f451c9a965a17a9f154f2a52 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u95039815f451c9a965a17a9f154f2a52 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u95039815f451c9a965a17a9f154f2a52:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u95039815f451c9a965a17a9f154f2a52 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u95039815f451c9a965a17a9f154f2a52 .u95039815f451c9a965a17a9f154f2a52-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u95039815f451c9a965a17a9f154f2a52:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Autism EssayRalph Waldo Emerson was probably the single most portentous person in Henry David Thoreaus life. From 1841 to 1843 and again between 1847 and 1848 Thoreau lived as a member of Emersons household, and during this time he came to know Bronson Alcott, Margaret Fuller, and many other members of the Transcendental Club (Thoreau 696). On August 31, 1839 Henry David and his elder brother, John, left Concord on a boat trip down the Concord River, onto the Middlesex Canal, into the Merrimack River and into the state of New

Mistakes that Every Professor Hates to See in an Essay

Mistakes that Every Professor Hates to See in an Essay Writing essays is an integral part of students life. At times its challenging, and at times its are fun, but at all times, its a cumbersome core. This is especially because so much can go wrong with this task: grammatical errors, incorrect essay vocabulary, citing mistakes and plagiarism, to name a few. How many times have you feared showing your work to others simply because you were not sure if you missed out on some embarrassing errors, or failed to write a convincing essay that delivered the message effectively? If yes, then you probably know the perils of submitting essays rampant with common, embarrassing errors! Whether you are looking to write a book, or churn up great essays, this guide is sure to help you out! So, rather than facing the challenges blindly, take a glance at the following checklist of 5 mistakes that every professor hates to see in an essay. Mistake #1: Description Without Explanation As a student striving to pen down a persuasive essay, its natural to become obsessed with adverbs and adjectives and miss out on the explanation in the process. For example, you may be always describing people and the way they do certain things, like: My mother is beautiful. She is a good teacher as well. Now, this statement is wrong for a number of reasons. Your readers might ask: Why did you come to the conclusion that your mother is beautiful? What made you say that she teaches well?. So, bottomline is that you can very well go on filling your essay with strong adverbs and adjectives that sound pleasing to the ears, but the point still remains unclear. Solution: Do not describe people and things, instead explain the reason behind your description vividly. Do not describe the things they do and how they do, rather back up your statements with evidence to show exactly how they do those things. It is always advisable to quote examples, information, or evidence from authoritative sources. Now, take a look at the next sentence. My mother has sparkling blue eyes and flaming, red hair that makes her beautiful to behold. Moreover, she always encourages me to read and manages to explain even the toughest of things with alarming ease. Isnt this a lot clear than the previous sentence? Mistake #2: Passive Voice A sentence written in passive voice occurs when the main subject of the sentence does not perform the said action, rather the action is done on it by someone else. Professors believe that using the passive voice in an essay leads to awkward sentences and doesnt quite convey the thought very well. However, it is still acceptable when the action being performed deserves more attention than the main subject or doer of that action. Solution: Writing in active voice helps to capture the attention of the reader and makes your essay stronger by showing responsibility, or highlighting a certain action. By using the passive voice, you tend to avoid showing responsibility and hence fail to give enough information to explain the problem in detail. This is especially detrimental if the main core of your essay is centered around that problem/action. In order to change passive into active voice, start by recognizing the subject. Thereafter, make the verb of the same tense as that of the helper, and then end the sentence with the receiver of action. Consider the following example: Passive: The novel Black Friday was written by S.Hussain Zaidi. Active: S.Hussain Zaidi wrote the novel Black Friday. Mistake # 3: Missing Commas, Comma Splices Run-on Sentences These are common mistakes that even seasoned writers tend to make. When present in excess, they end up ruining the meaning of your essay and compromise readability, thereby causing your professor to just lose interest and give you a measly grade at the end. A comma splice occurs when you use a comma, instead of a semi-colon to join two independent clauses. A run-on sentence is one that combines two independent clauses without any proper punctuation, or conjunction. Commas are used to separate clauses from one another, and a series of items occurring in a sentence/list. Solution: When in doubt, run your essay on an essay checker in order to evaluate your use of commas properly. There are many ways to fix a run-on sentence and comma splice. For example, you can add a coordinating conjunction after the comma, like for, nor, but, yet, or, so, etc. Alternatively, you can change the comma to a semicolon as well, or change it into a period to end the sentence and thereby, divide the independent clauses into two complete sentences. When adding commas, keep in mind that they are used to form the structure of a sentence, as well as distinguish between key ideas and elements. Run-on sentence: Mark had disappeared he left his coat and sunglasses in the shop. Correct  form: Mark had disappeared. He left his coat and sunglasses in the shop. Comma splice: It was raining, our school was closed today. Correct form: It was raining; Our school was closed today.   Or It was raining, so our school was closed today. Mistake #4: Incomplete sentences Every complete sentence needs to have a verb and a subject. While, this may seem rather straightforward to comprehend, you will actually be surprised to know that even seasoned essay writers end up making this mistake in their regular assignments. The trouble happens when you begin constructing a complicated sentence, and then stop midway because you either forget to finish it, or dont know to give it a logical ending. Solution: Every sentence needs to be complete for clear communication and effective engagement of the reader. An easy way to know if your sentence is complete or not is to check if it expresses a complete thought in itself. You can read the sentence aloud for better clarity. When its incomplete, you will either feel like the sentence doesnt make sense, or that it has stopped with an abrupt or vague ending. Consider the following examples: Visited the museum. Walked in the park. Drank a glass of wine.   In all these sentences, the subjects are missing, and that is why they are incomplete   Correct forms: Jane visited the museum. Molly walked in the park. I drank a glass of wine.   Mistake # 5: Too Many Thoughts An essay should focus on one single thought, and your goal, as the writer should be to clarify the thought in the best possible manner. Having too many thoughts in the essay defeats the purpose of writing it in the first place. It also dodges the readers attention and comes across as a confused piece. For example, if you have been asked to write about your dream job, dont end up including irrelevant details like your previous summer vacation, or your mothers aspirations, or your future trip abroad. Alternatively, if the essay is argumentative in nature, do not include counterargument ideas, as they are largely irrelevant and go completely against your topic. Basically, you need to streamline your essay into a format that conveys a single idea in a compelling way. Solution: Whenever you get an essay topic, your first instinct is to brainstorm all the ideas, twists and angles that can be used to present it in the most engaging manner. At this stage, its important to sort out a single idea and build your write-up on it. So, the best way out is to simply focus on the question. When you are asked to describe your aspirations, dont spend half of the essay describing your fathers occupation, or your grandmothers last wish. Instead, come straight to the point. Describe your passions and give compact examples to prove just how passionate you are for your aspirations. Then again, its also completely fine to include a paragraph or two to give a background of the real theme. Another thing to keep in mind is that all your paragraphs should support the one idea/answer to the essay statement. And finally, steer clear of big words but dont use small words either. Just use the right words, and you will be fine. How to ensure this? Check whether every word in your sentence justifies your essay topic. Thats all. Also, edit ruthlessly. According to research, proofreading and essay editing reduce essay mistakes and enhance readability to a whopping 30%. So, if you are desperate to improve your grades and avoid running the risk of making all 5.mistakes that every professor hates to see in an essay, do follow the guide for your next assignment!

Discussion Question Help Example

Discussion Question Help Example Discussion Question Help – Coursework Example Experimental, Quasi-Experimental, and Correlational Research Experimental, Quasi-Experimental, and Correlational Research Scientific research involves asking questions about a test subject and coming up with conclusion from the answers given. Considering the diversity in questions asked during a scientific research, there has been need to come up with standards procedure in doing research. These include quasi-experimental, experimental, and correlation research (Raulin and Graziano, 1993). However, these procedures differ in various ways. The difference is usually in the area each method focuses on.Experimental research generally focus on the impact one variable has over the other in an experiment, often, the effect of independent over dependent variable. The independent variable is controlled by presenting it to a test group which is assumed to be equivalent at the beginning of the research. Quasi-experimental research, unlike experimental research, goes further and considers the fa ct that, it is not a must for all the groups involved in an experiment to be equivalent at the start of the study. According to Raulin and Graziano (1993), for credible result, it is important to conduct a pre-test on the subject before the test, so as, to have a rough idea on what to expect. This will also help in ruling out or avoiding any contradicting variables that may rise during the experiment. In the case of correlation research, the key focus is usually on the bond between the variables themselves. It indicates the status of the variables, positive or negative, and the magnitude of the variables which may be strong or weak (Oswald et al, 2008). In conclusion, it is clear that experiment research focus on the questions about the variables, quasi-experiment on the differences among the test groups and finally, correlation focuses on the direction and strength of the variables. Therefore, it is clear there are different research methods with different approaches. It is also cl ear that clarity in scientific research is well tested and all possible contradiction considered. ReferencesRaulin, L. and Graziano, M. (1993). Quasi-Experiments and Correlational Studies. (pp.1122-1137). New York, NY: State University of New YorkOswald, Price And Triona. 2008. Retrieved from April 7 2014

Would you recommend a new nation adopt a presidential or parliamentary Essay

Would you recommend a new nation adopt a presidential or parliamentary system of government in the early 21st century - Essay Example One of the good consequences of this phenomenon is that people have stopped taking their political systems for granted and have begun to think of the merits and demerits of parliamentary and presidential forms of government. This spirit of questioning can be seen even in fictional representations of the nation that question the validity of the very concept like The Shadow Lines (Ghosh 2000). There are also theorists who disagree with the very idea of difference between these two very different forms of government. For instance, the political thinker Juan J. Linz, in his article, â€Å"Presidential or parliamentary democracy: Does it make a difference?† talks of the differences that do not make a change at the level of the grassroots (1994). The failure of democracies to fulfill the aspirations of people in different nation states is a cause for worry. This does not however, mean that the very idea is dropped. This needs to be the case as a better alternative is unavailable and according to most political thinkers, impossible. The natural status that democracy has been accorded may be the reason for this; however, whether it is parliamentary or presidential democracy that is good for a single nation or all nations is a question that remains unanswered. To propose any one form of government as a one-stop solution would be a mistake. This is primarily a consequence of the fact that every single nation is different from the other and requires different forms of governments. This paper shall look at four countries- the United States of America, the United Kingdom, India and Sri Lanka. These countries represent different social and political landscapes and also different forms of government. While the United States of America follows a presidential form of governance, India and the United Kingdom are followers of the parliamentary form of government. Sri Lanka has been